Monday, April 18, 2016

Is the programmer a scientist, an engineer or an artist?


A programmer must create ne idea of science in the solution of the problem.Also all the solution of program is related to the science. So a programmer is a scientist.

A engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production. So, a programmer is an engineer as he applies special as well as engineering methods.

A programmer is also as artist, as he should know the artistic representation of program's output.
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What are the responsibilities of software engineering?

The responsibilities of software engineering : Software engineers have responsibilities to the engineering profession & society, Some of these are :

Confidentiality : Engineers should normally respect the confidentiality of their employers or clients irrespective of whether or not a formal confidentiality agreement has been signed.

Competence : Engineers should not misrepresent their level of competence. They should not knowing accept work which is out with their competence.

Intellectual property right : Engineers should aware of local laws governing the use of intellectual property such as patents, copyright, etc. They should be careful to ensure that the intellectual property of employers and client is protected.

Computer misuse : Software engineers should not use their technical skills to misuse other people's computers. Computer misuses ranges from relatively trivial (game playing on an employer's machine, say) to extremely serious (dissemination of viruses).


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Mention the different types of program design tools & techniques


  • Top-down design, top-down implementation(programming)
  • Bottom-up design, bottom-up implementation(programming)
  • Modular design and programming
  • Structured design and programming
  • Defensive  design and programming
  • Redundant design and programming
  • Automatic programming
  • Design representations
  • Design and programming tools
  • Program proofs
  • Data-directed design techniques(data flow diagrams)
  • Cause-effect graphs
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In which cases we say a program is improper?


  • Interrupt and trap instructions in assembly language
  • Fortran-type end of file conditions
  • PL/ 1-type on conditions
  • Fixed overflow and underflow conditions
  • DO CASE, BREAK/LEAVE instructions
  • Self-modifying code if it can become nonstructured
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List the common errors, which occur in assembly language programming but do not or are less likely to occur in high level language programming


  • Array overwrite
  • Stack overflow
  • Off by 1 in indexing or shifting
  • Wrong flag hit
  • Complement arithmetic problems
  • Floating-point arithmatic problems
  • Double-precision arithmatic problems
  • Initialization
  • Pointer Problems
  • Wrong transfer of control
  • Indirect address problems
  • Iterated DO LOOP problems.
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What is Software process? Explain their activities

Software process : A software process is a set of activities and associated results which produce a software product. These activities are mostly carried out by software engineers. 

There are four fundamental process activities are :

Software Specification : The functionality of the software and constraints on its operation must be defined.

Software development : The software to meet the specification must be produced.

Software validation : The software must be validated to ensure that it does what the customer wants.

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What umbrella activities are requires in engineering phases?

Umbrella activities are requires in engineering phases : 
 Software engineering can be categorized into three generic phases, regardless of application area, project size, or complexity.

  • Definition phase
  • Development phase &
  • Support phase


There are the umbrella activities are requires in engineering phases-

  • Software project tracking and control.
  • Formal technical reviews
  • Software quality assurance
  • Software configuration management.
  • Document preparation and production
  • Reusability management
  • Measurement
  • Risk management.

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Show the advantages and Disadvantages of Modular Programming


Advantages of Modular Programming : 

  • It is easier and less costly to change features, add features or correct errors after deployment.
  • It is easier to write and debug the program.
  • It is easier to manage since more difficult modules can be skilled programmers and easy modules to junior programmers.
  • One can divide a large, complex problem into each of manageable complexity.
  • The modular concept fits in well with top-down design.
  • Formal modular interface definition may be a especially helpful in "organization" a bottom-up, or a two-stage design, first bottom-up, and then top-down.



Disadvantages of Modular Programming : 

  • Because there are few formal design techniques, it is difficult to learn, although the principles are clear.
  • Modular programming requires more design effort and care.
  • Many programmers are reluctant to try new modules can be given to more things, including modular design.
  • Modular programming may require slightly a number of modules more memory space and run time.
  • To avoid slow processing, in some operating systems one may have to ensure that modules that call each other frequently are in the same machine page.  

     
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