Is the programmer a scientist, an engineer or an artist?

A programmer is a scientist, an engineer or an artist because-

A programmer must create ne idea of science in the solution of the problem.Also all the solution of program is related to the science. So a programmer is a scientist.

A engineering is concerned with all aspects of software production. So, a programmer is an engineer as he applies special as well as engineering methods.

A programmer is also as artist, as he should know the artistic representation of program's output.

What are the responsibilities of software engineering?

The responsibilities of software engineering : Software engineers have responsibilities to the engineering profession & society, Some of these are :

Confidentiality : Engineers should normally respect the confidentiality of their employers or clients irrespective of whether or not a formal confidentiality agreement has been signed.

Competence : Engineers should not misrepresent their level of competence. They should not knowing accept work which is out with their competence.

Intellectual property right : Engineers should aware of local laws governing the use of intellectual property such as patents, copyright, etc. They should be careful to ensure that the intellectual property of employers and client is protected.

Computer misuse : Software engineers should not use their technical skills to misuse other people's computers. Computer misuses ranges from relatively trivial (game playing on an employer's machine, say) to extremely serious (dissemination of viruses).

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Mention the different types of program design tools & techniques

** Generally, the following program design tools & techniques are used-

• Top-down design, top-down implementation(programming)
  
• Bottom-up design, bottom-up implementation(programming)
  
• Modular design and programming
  
• Structured design and programming
  
• Defensive  design and programming
  
• Redundant design and programming
  
• Automatic programming
  
• Design representations
  
• Design and programming tools
  
• Program proofs
  
• Data-directed design techniques(data flow diagrams)
  
• Cause-effect graphs

In which cases we say a program is improper?

** Any program which contains one or more of the following feature is an improper program :

• Interrupt and trap instructions in assembly language
  
• Fortran-type end of file conditions
  
• PL/ 1-type on conditions
  
• Fixed overflow and underflow conditions
  
• DO CASE, BREAK/LEAVE instructions
  
• Self-modifying code if it can become nonstructured

List the common errors, which occur in assembly language programming but do not or are less likely to occur in high level language programming

** There are the common errors, which occur in assembly language programming but do not or are less likely to occur in higher-level-language programming : 

• Array overwrite
  
• Stack overflow
  
• Off by 1 in indexing or shifting
  
• Wrong flag hit
  
• Complement arithmetic problems
  
• Floating-point arithmatic problems
  
• Double-precision arithmatic problems
  
• Initialization
  
• Pointer Problems
  
• Wrong transfer of control
  
• Indirect address problems
  
• Iterated DO LOOP problems.

What is Software process? Explain their activities

Software process : A software process is a set of activities and associated results which produce a software product. These activities are mostly carried out by software engineers. 

There are four fundamental process activities are :

Software Specification : The functionality of the software and constraints on its operation must be defined.

Software development : The software to meet the specification must be produced.

Software validation : The software must be validated to ensure that it does what the customer wants.

Software Evolution : The software must  evolve to meet changing customer needs.

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What umbrella activities are requires in engineering phases?

Umbrella activities are requires in engineering phases : 

 Software engineering can be categorized into three generic phases, regardless of application area, project size, or complexity.

• Definition phase
  
• Development phase &
  
• Support phase

There are the umbrella activities are requires in engineering phases-

• Software project tracking and control.
  
• Formal technical reviews
  
• Software quality assurance
  
• Software configuration management.
  
• Document preparation and production
  
• Reusability management
  
• Measurement
  
• Risk management.