Mention the different types of program design tools & techniques

** Generally, the following program design tools & techniques are used-

• Top-down design, top-down implementation(programming)
  
• Bottom-up design, bottom-up implementation(programming)
  
• Modular design and programming
  
• Structured design and programming
  
• Defensive  design and programming
  
• Redundant design and programming
  
• Automatic programming
  
• Design representations
  
• Design and programming tools
  
• Program proofs
  
• Data-directed design techniques(data flow diagrams)
  
• Cause-effect graphs